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Abbreviations Akt Protein kinase B ARE Anti-oxidative response element CAT Catalase CRP C-reactive protein DSS Dextran sulfate sodium ERK Extracellular signal-regulated kinase GPx Glutathione peroxidase GR Glutathione reductase GSH Glutathione GSTA1 Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 1 H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide HBV Hepatitis B virus HDL-C High density lipoprotein cholesterol hs-CRP High-sensitivity-C-reactive protein IKK Inhibitor of kappa B kinase IL-1β Interleukin-1β IL-6 Interleukin-6 IL-8 Interleukin-8 IR Insulin resistance IκBα Nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitor α JAK Janus kinase JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LPS Lipopolysaccharides MAPKs Mitogen-activated protein kinases MMP-1 Matrix metalloproteinases-1 MMP-3 Matrix metalloproteinases-3 MMP-9 Matrix metalloproteinases-9 mTOR Mammalian target of rapamycin NAFLD Non-alcohol fatty liver disease NASH Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa-B NLRP3 NOD-like receptor protein 3 NO Nitric oxide Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 PI3K Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ROS Reactive oxygen species SIRT3 Sirtuin 3 SOD Superoxide dismutase STAT Signal transducers and activators of transcription TG Triglyceride TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-α TREM2 Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 Author contributions Junning Zhao and Hua Hua proposed the framework of this review